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Ãëàâíàÿ arrow Àðõèâ íîìåðîâ arrow ¹5 2019 (65) arrow ÓÑÏÅØÍÎÅ ÑÍÈÆÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÆÄÅÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÉ ÑÌÅÐÒÍÎÑÒÈ Â ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ È ÑÒÐÀÍÀÕ ÁÀËÒÈÉÑÊÎÃÎ ÐÅÃÈÎÍÀ, ÑÎÒÐÓÄÍÈ×ÀÞÙÈÕ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÇÄÎÐÎÂÜß È ÁËÀÃÎÏÎËÓ×Èß
ÓÑÏÅØÍÎÅ ÑÍÈÆÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÆÄÅÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÉ ÑÌÅÐÒÍÎÑÒÈ Â ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ È ÑÒÐÀÍÀÕ ÁÀËÒÈÉÑÊÎÃÎ ÐÅÃÈÎÍÀ, ÑÎÒÐÓÄÍÈ×ÀÞÙÈÕ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÇÄÎÐÎÂÜß È ÁËÀÃÎÏÎËÓ×Èß Ïå÷àòü
08.11.2019 ã.

DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2019-65-5-7

  Ñòàòüÿ: Valery Chernyavskiy, Helmut Wenzel, Julia Mikhailova, Alla Ivanova, Elena Zemlyanova, Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic, Alexander Mikhailov, Ulrich Laaser. Successful reduction of premature mortality in the Russian Federation and the countries around the Baltic Sea working together on health and Social Well-being. SEEJPH 2019, posted: 25 October 2019. DOI 10.4119/seejph-3129, ïóáëèêóåòñÿ ñ ðàçðåøåíèÿ êîëëåêòèâà àâòîðîâ è ðåäàêöèè æóðíàëà South Eastern European Journal of Public Health.
Ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: Å.Â. Çåìëÿíîâà, Â.Å. ×åðíÿâñêèé.
Çàãëàâèå ñòàòüè, ôàìèëèè àâòîðîâ, àôôèëèàöèè, ðåôåðàò íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îðèãèíàëó.

Âàëåðèé ×åðíÿâñêèé1, Õåëüìóò Âåíçåëü2, Þëèÿ Ìèõàéëîâà1, Àëëà Èâàíîâà1,3, Åëåíà Çåìëÿíîâà1,3, Âåñíà Áæåãîâè÷-Ìèêàíîâè÷4, Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ1, Óëüðèõ Ëààçåð5
1Öåíòðàëüíûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò îðãàíèçàöèè è èíôîðìàòèçàöèè çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ Ìèíçäðàâà Ðîññè, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ
2Íåçàâèñèìûé êîíñóëüòàíò, Êîíñòàíö, Ãåðìàíèÿ
3Èíñòèòóò ñîöèàëüíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ
4Áåëãðàäñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ìåäèöèíñêèé ôàêóëüòåò, Èíñòèòóò ñîöèàëüíîé ìåäèöèíû, Áåëãðàä, Ñåðáèÿ
5Óíèâåðñèòåò Áèëåôåëüäà, Áèëåôåëüäñêàÿ øêîëà Îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ, Áèëåôåëüä, Ãåðìàíèÿ

Ðåçþìå

Ïàðòíåðñòâî Ñåâåðíîãî Èçìåðåíèÿ â îáëàñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïëàòôîðìîé äëÿ äèàëîãà è ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ñòðàí Áàëòèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Îíî áûëî îñíîâàíî â 2003 ã., ðóêîâîäñòâóÿñü Öåëüþ 3 â îáëàñòè óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ «Õîðîøåå çäîðîâüå è áëàãîïîëó÷èå» è Ñòðàòåãèåé Åâðîïåéñêîãî Cîþçà äëÿ ñòðàí Áàëòèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ïðèíÿòîé â 2009 ã.  äàííîé ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ îáùèé ïðîãðåññ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â îòíîøåíèè ñíèæåíèÿ ñìåðòíîñòè.

Ìåòîäû: Èñïîëüçîâàíû ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå ïî âîçðàñòó ïîêàçàòåëè «ïîòåðÿííûå ãîäû ïîòåíöèàëüíîé æèçíè» (ÏÃÏÆ). Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ìåæñòðàíîâûå ñðàâíåíèÿ è îöåíêè ïðîãðåññà âî âðåìåííîì ðàçðåçå ïî êîëè÷åñòâåííûì ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèì öåëåâûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì Öåëè 3 â îáëàñòè óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ «Õîðîøåå çäîðîâüå è áëàãîïîëó÷èå» è Ñòðàòåãèè Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà äëÿ Áàëòèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Âûïîëíåí àíàëèç ðàçðûâîâ, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü íàëè÷èå èëè îòñóòñòâèå îòñòàâàíèÿ â äîñòèæåíèè öåëåâûõ èíäèêàòîðîâ.

Ðåçóëüòàòû: Ñ ó÷åòîì áàçîâîãî óðîâíÿ 2009 ã., ÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ ðåëåâàíòíûì êàê äëÿ ïåðèîäà 2009-2020 ãã., òàê è äëÿ 2009-2030 ãã. – Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ â öåëîì ìîæåò äîñòè÷ü äâå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèå öåëè íà 2.7 ãîäà ðàíüøå.  Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì ôåäåðàëüíîì îêðóãå âûõîäÿùèå ê Áàëòèéñêîìó ìîðþ ïîãðàíè÷íûå ðåãèîíû – Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã è Êàëèíèíãðàä, ñîãëàñíî ðàñ÷åòàì, äîñòèãíóò öåëåâûõ çíà÷åíèé íà 4.8 è íà 10.8 ãîäà ðàíüøå íàìå÷åííûõ ñðîêîâ 2020 è 2030 ãîäîâ.  ñðàâíåíèè ñî ñòðàíàìè Áàëòèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ çàíèìàåò ïðîìåæóòî÷íóþ ïîçèöèþ ïîñëå Ýñòîíèè, Ëàòâèè è Ôèíëÿíäèè. Áîëåå ðàííåå äîñòèæåíèå öåëåâûõ èíäèêàòîðîâ ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ, åñëè áðàòü â ðàñ÷åò ïåðèîäû 2003-2020 è 2003-2030 ãîäîâ.

Îáñóæäåíèå: Õîòÿ ðåãèîí ïðîãðåññèðóåò, âîçìîæíî çàìåäëåíèå òåíäåíöèé ê 2030 ã. Íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåäåíèå áîëåå òùàòåëüíîãî àíàëèçà òîãî, äî êàêîé ñòåïåíè àêòèâíîñòü Ïàðòíåðñòâà â îáëàñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü óñïåõó, è ÷òî áóäåò ïðåäëîæåíî äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðåæäåâðåìåííóþ ñìåðòíîñòü.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Ñåâåðíîå Èçìåðåíèå, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ, Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé ôåäåðàëüíûé îêðóã, îáùåñòâåííîå çäîðîâüå, ïðåæäåâðåìåííàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü, àíàëèç ðàçðûâà.

Êîíòàêòíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ: Ïðîôåññîð, äîêòîð ìåäèöèíû Ulrich Laaser, Bielefeld School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany; e-mail: Ýòîò e-mail çàùèùåí îò ñïàì-áîòîâ. Äëÿ åãî ïðîñìîòðà â âàøåì áðàóçåðå äîëæíà áûòü âêëþ÷åíà ïîääåðæêà Java-script

Ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå. Èññëåäîâàíèå íå èìåëî ñïîíñîðñêîé ïîääåðæêè.

Êîíôëèêò èíòåðåñîâ. Àâòîðû çàÿâëÿþò îá îòñóòñòâèè êîíôëèêòà èíòåðåñîâ.

Äëÿ öèòèðîâàíèÿ: Âàëåðèé ×åðíÿâñêèé, Õåëüìóò Âåíçåëü, Þëèÿ Ìèõàéëîâà, Àëëà Èâàíîâà, Åëåíà Çåìëÿíîâà, Âåñíà Áæåãîâè÷-Ìèêàíîâè÷, Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ, Óëüðèõ Ëààçåð. Óñïåøíîå ñíèæåíèå ïðåæäåâðåìåííîé ñìåðòíîñòè â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è ñòðàíàõ áàëòèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ñîòðóäíè÷àþùèõ â ñôåðå çäîðîâüÿ è áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ. Ñîöèàëüíûå àñïåêòû çäîðîâüÿ íàñåëåíèÿ [ñåòåâîå èçäàíèå] 2019; 65(5):7. URL: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1113/30/lang,ru/ DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2019-65-5-7

SUCCESSFUL REDUCTION OF PREMATURE MORTALITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE COUNTRIES AROUND THE BALTIC SEA WORKING TOGETHER ON HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING
Valery Chernyavskiy1, Helmut Wenzel2, Julia Mikhailova1, Alla Ivanova1,3, Elena Zemlyanova1,3, Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic4, Alexander Mikhailov1, Ulrich Laaser5

1Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Independent consultant, Konstanz, Germany
3Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
4University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
5University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld School of Public Health, Bielefeld, Germany

Abstract

The ‘Northern Dimension on Public Health and Social Well-being’ is a platform for dialogue and cooperation of countries around the Baltic Sea, established in 2003, guided by the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region of the European Union adopted 2009. In this paper we determine the overall progress of the Russian Federation and its North West Federal Okrug in particular, with regard to the reduction of mortality.

Methods: For the purpose of intercountry comparison and progress over time we make use of age-standardised Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) applied to quantifiable strategic targets, the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the European Union Strategy of the Baltic Sea Region. A gap analysis is performed to determine whether the target achievement is in delay or on track.

Results: With reference to the baseline of 2009 - corresponding to the most relevant recent period 2009-2020 respectively 2009-2030 – the Russian Federation as a whole is on track achieving the two strategic targets in advance by 2.7 years. For the North West Federal Okrug around St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad bordering the Baltic Sea the target achievement is estimated to be 4.8 and 10.8 years in advance of the deadlines 2020 and 2030. In comparison to the Baltic Sea states the Russian Federation takes a middle position after Estonia, Latvia and Finland. The early target achievement is confirmed if the period 2003-2020 respectively 2003-2030 is considered.

Discussion: Although the region is progressing there may be a slowdown towards 2030. A careful analysis is required to determine to which degree the activities of the Partnership for Health and Social Well-being have contributed to the success and what should be proposed to increase the impact on premature mortality.

Keywords: Northern Dimension, Russian Federation, North West Federal Okrug, Public Health, Premature Mortality, Gap Analysis

Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. med. Ulrich Laaser; Address: Bielefeld School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany; e-mail: Ýòîò e-mail çàùèùåí îò ñïàì-áîòîâ. Äëÿ åãî ïðîñìîòðà â âàøåì áðàóçåðå äîëæíà áûòü âêëþ÷åíà ïîääåðæêà Java-script

Acknowledgments. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

For citation:Chernyavskiy V, Wenzel H, Mikhailova J, Ivanova A, Zemlyanova E, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Mikhailov A, Laaser U. Successful reduction of premature mortality in the Russian Federation and the countries around the Baltic Sea working together on Health and Social Well-being. Social'nye aspekty zdorov'a naselenia / Social aspects of population health [serial online] 2019; 65(5):7. Available from: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1113/30/lang,ru/ (In Rus). DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2019-65-5-7

Ââåäåíèå

Ñ 1999 ã. ñòðàíû ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ (ðèñóíîê 1) ïðåäïðèíèìàëè øàãè ïî ñîçäàíèþ ïëàòôîðìû ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà «Ñåâåðíîå Èçìåðåíèå» (ÑÈ) [1, 2], à ôàêòè÷åñêè ÷åòûðåõ ïàðòíåðñòâ â îáëàñòè êóëüòóðû, îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ è òðàíñïîðòà. Ïàðòíåðñòâî Ñåâåðíîãî Èçìåðåíèÿ â îáëàñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ (NDPHS) [2] áûëî ôîðìàëüíî óòâåðæäåíî íà âñòðå÷å 27 îêòÿáðÿ 2003 ã. â Îñëî, Íîðâåãèè íà óðîâíå ìèíèñòðîâ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïàðòíåðñòâî îáúåäèíÿåò 10 ñòðàí, ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àþùèõñÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ, èñòîðèè, ñîñòîÿíèþ çäîðîâüÿ è êóëüòóðå: Ýñòîíèÿ, Ôèíëÿíäèÿ, Ãåðìàíèÿ, Èñëàíäèÿ, Ëàòâèÿ, Ëèòâà, Íîðâåãèÿ, Ïîëüøà, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ è Øâåöèÿ (èñêëþ÷àÿ Äàíèþ), à òàêæå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îðãàíèçàöèè: Åâðîñîþç, Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñóáðåãèîíîâ ãîñóäàðñòâ Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ, Èíñòèòóò Ñåâåðíîãî Èçìåðåíèÿ, Åâðîïåéñêîå ðåãèîíàëüíîå áþðî ÂÎÇ è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå. Ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì ñåêðåòàðèàòà â Ñòîêãîëüìå, NDPHS ñîäåéñòâóåò äèàëîãó, ïðàêòè÷åñêîìó ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó è ðàçâèòèþ [3] â äâóõ ïðèîðèòåòíûõ îáëàñòÿõ:

  1. Ñíèçèòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòü îñíîâíûõ èíôåêöèîííûõ áîëåçíåé, è
  2. Ïðåäóïðåæäàòü íåèíôåêöèîííûå áîëåçíè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ îáðàçîì æèçíè. Óïîð äåëàåòñÿ íà ñîäåéñòâèå ïðàâèëüíîìó ïèòàíèþ, çàíÿòèþ ôèçè÷åñêîé êóëüòóðîé, áåçîïàñíîìó ñåêñóàëüíîìó ïîâåäåíèþ, îáåñïå÷åíèþ áëàãîïðèÿòíîé ñîöèàëüíîé è ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé ñðåäû, à òàêæå ïîääåðæàíèþ ôîðì äîñóãà, ñâîáîäíûõ îò óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àëêîãîëÿ, íàðêîòèêîâ è òàáàêà.

Çà äåñÿòèëåòèå 2010-2020 ãã. íàèáîëåå âàæíûìè îêàçàëèñü äâå ñòðàòåãèè ðàçâèòèÿ ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ:

I. Öåëè óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, îñîáåííî öåëü 3 â îáëàñòè çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ [4]:

ÖÓÐ çàäà÷à 3.4, ê 2030 ã.: Ñíèçèòü íà îäíó òðåòü ïðåæäåâðåìåííóþ ñìåðòíîñòü îò íåèíôåêöèîííûõ çàáîëåâàíèé (ÍÈÇ) ïóòåì ïðîôèëàêòèêè è ëå÷åíèÿ, à òàêæå ñîäåéñòâèÿ ïñèõè÷åñêîìó çäîðîâüþ è áëàãîïîëó÷èþ.

II. Ñòðàòåãèÿ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà â îòíîøåíèè ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ (EU-SBSR), ïðèíÿòàÿ Åâðîïåéñêèì Ñîâåòîì â îêòÿáðå 2009 ã. [5]:

Ïëàí äåéñòâèé EU-SBSR ê 2020 ã.:

  1. Ñíèçèòü íå ìåíåå, ÷åì íà 10% ïðåæäåâðåìåííóþ ïðåäîòâðàòèìóþ ñìåðòíîñòü, âûðàæåííóþ â Ïîòåðÿííûõ ãîäàõ ïîòåíöèàëüíîé æèçíè (ÏÃÏÆ) â ñòðàíàõ ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ.
  2. Ñíèçèòü íå ìåíåå, ÷åì íà 10% ðàçíèöó ìåæäó ìèíèìàëüíûìè (ëó÷øèìè) è ìàêñèìàëüíûìè (õóäøèìè) ÏÃÏÆ äëÿ ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí â ñòðàíàõ ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ.

Ðèñ. 1
Ðèñ. 1: Ãåîãðàôèÿ Ïàðòíåðñòâà Ñåâåðíîå Èçìåðåíèå â îòíîøåíèè çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ.

 ñòðóêòóðó ïàðòíåðñòâà âõîäèò Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ (ÐÔ), êàê ïîëíîöåííàÿ ñòðàíà-÷ëåí è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, åå Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé ôåäåðàëüíûé îêðóã (ÑÇÔÎ), ïðîñòèðàþùèéñÿ îò Áàëòèéñêîãî äî Áàðåíöåâà ìîðÿ, çàíèìàþùèé òåððèòîðèþ 1686970 êì2, âêëþ÷àÿ Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã è Êàëèíèíãðàä.

Ðèñ. 2
Ðèñ. 2. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè

Ìû ïîïûòàëèñü ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü è îïðåäåëèòü, íàñêîëüêî äîñòèæèìû EU-SBSR è ÖÓÐ äëÿ ÐÔ â öåëîì è ÑÇÔÎ. Êðîìå òîãî, ìû ïîïûòàëèñü îïðåäåëèòü ðàíãîâîå ìåñòî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â äîñòèæåíèè öåëåâûõ çíà÷åíèé â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äðóãèìè ñòðàíàìè ðåãèîíà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ. Äëÿ ÑÇÔÎ áûë ðàçðàáîòàí îòäåëüíûé ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèé ïëàí äåéñòâèé ïî ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîìó ðàçâèòèþ. Îí âêëþ÷àåò 109 ìåðîïðèÿòèé ñ ó÷àñòèåì îòâåòñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé ñî ñðîêîì çàâåðøåíèÿ â 4 êâàðòàëå 2020 ã.: 12 ìåðîïðèÿòèé îòíîñÿòñÿ ê çäîðîâüþ íàñåëåíèÿ, 3 èç êîòîðûõ êàñàþòñÿ çäîðîâüÿ ìàòåðè è ðåáåíêà (ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ 63, 68 è 74). Ìåðîïðèÿòèå 71 êàñàåòñÿ ïåðâè÷íîé ìåäèêî-ñàíèòàðíîé ïîìîùè, à 77-å - ÂÈ×. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, êàñàþùèåñÿ çäîðîâüÿ, åñòü òàêæå è â äðóãèõ ðàçäåëàõ, íàïðèìåð, 79 è 80 êàñàþòñÿ îáñëóæèâàíèÿ ïîæèëûõ, à 81-å – ðåàáèëèòàöèè. Òàêæå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ ìåðîïðèÿòèå 40 ïî îñóùåñòâëåíèþ ïðîãðàìì òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà.

Ìåòîäû

Ïîòåðè ëåò æèçíè (ÏÃÏÆ) äî âîçðàñòà 69 ëåò âêëþ÷èòåëüíî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïðåäîòâðàòèìûìè. Èìåííî â ýòîì ñìûñëå ìû áóäåì äàëåå êàê ñèíîíèìû èñïîëüçîâàòü òåðìèíû «ïðåæäåâðåìåííûå» è «ïðåäîòâðàòèìûå» ïîòåðè. Ïîêàçàòåëü áûë ðàññ÷èòàí Vienonen et al. [6] äëÿ âñåõ ñòðàí, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè íà îñíîâå ìåòîäà Haenszel [7, ñ. 19], ò.å. ðàññ÷èòàíî «… ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé â òåîðåòè÷åñêîì ñòàíäàðòíîì íàñåëåíèè, ïîëó÷åííîå ïóòåì óìíîæåíèÿ ïîâîçðàñòíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ñìåðòíîñòè íà ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå». Äëÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè áûëè èñïîëüçîâàíû êîýôôèöèåíòû 1980 ã. ñòàíäàðòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ÎÝÑÐ [8]. Äëÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè ïî âîçðàñòó áûë ïðèìåíåí ïðÿìîé ìåòîä, ðåêîìåíäîâàííûé Armitage [9].

Âåðîÿòíîñòü äîñòèæåíèÿ öåëåâûõ çíà÷åíèé èíäèêàòîðîâ ÖÓÐ [4] è EU-SBSR [5] îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âðåìåííûì ðàçðûâîì â èíäèêàòîðàõ (G), ò.å. âðåìåíåì, íåîáõîäèìûì äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ñîãëàñîâàííîé öåëè â íàìå÷åííûé ñðîê, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïðîìåæóòêó âðåìåíè ìåæäó ãîäîì íàáëþäåíèÿ è öåëåâûì ãîäîì. Ñ ýòîé öåëüþ ìû ïðèìåíèëè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêóþ ìîäåëü Ïðîãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ Îðãàíèçàöèè Îáúåäèíåííûõ Íàöèé (ÏÐÎÎÍ), ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî èñïîëüçîâàâøóþñÿ äëÿ îöåíêè ïðîãðåññà â äîñòèæåíèè Öåëåé ðàçâèòèÿ òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (ÖÐÒ) [10]. Ñ äåòàëÿìè ïîäõîäà ìîæíî îçíàêîìèòüñÿ â ðàáîòàõ Bjegovic-Mikanovic et al. [11, 12]). Èñïîëüçîâàíû öåëåâûå çíà÷åíèÿ EU-SBSR äëÿ 2020 ã. ñ çàÿâëåííûì ñíèæåíèåì íà 10% [4] è äëÿ 2030 ã - íà 33%. [5]. Ïîñêîëüêó íåèíôåêöèîííûå áîëåçíè ñîñòàâëÿþò áîëåå 2/3 ïðåæäåâðåìåííîé ñìåðòíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ îáîñíîâàííûì ïðèìåíèòü öåëåâûå çíà÷åíèÿ ÖÓÐ-3 äëÿ ìåæñòðàíîâûõ ñîïîñòàâëåíèé ïî ðàññ÷èòàííûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ÏÃÏÆ.

Ïîëîæèòåëüíûé âðåìåííîé ðàçðûâ G óêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êîíêðåòíàÿ ñòðàíà íàõîäèòñÿ «íà ïóòè» ê äîñòèæåíèþ öåëè âîâðåìÿ èëè äàæå ðàíüøå íàìå÷åííîãî ñðîêà; îòðèöàòåëüíîå çíà÷åíèå óêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äîñòèæåíèå ìîæåò áûòü êàê «âåðîÿòíûì», òàê è «ìàëîâåðîÿòíûì» âíóòðè çàäàííûõ âðåìåííûõ ðàìîê, ò.å. ê 2020 è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ê 2030 ã. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ñòðàíà ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñìîæåò äîñòè÷ü öåëåâûõ èíäèêàòîðîâ, åñëè îòðèöàòåëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ íå ñîñòàâëÿþò áîëåå 25% îò îñòàâøåãîñÿ âðåìåíè (êîýôôèöèåíò ðàçðûâà). Êîýôôèöèåíò ðàçðûâà, óìíîæåííûé íà îñòàâøååñÿ âðåìÿ ñ ãîäà íà÷àëà íàáëþäåíèé, íàïðèìåð, 2020-2013=7 èëè 2030-2013=17 óêàçûâàåò íà ÷èñëî îñòàâøèõñÿ ëåò âïåðåäè èëè îòñðî÷êó äî öåëåâîãî ãîäà.  òàáëèöå 1 ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïîäðîáíîñòè ðàñ÷åòà, èñïîëüçóÿ 2013 ã. è Ðîññèéñêóþ Ôåäåðàöèþ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà. Äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèå äàííûå áûëè ïðåäîñòàâëåíû Öåíòðàëüíûì íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì èíñòèòóòîì îðãàíèçàöèè è èíôîðìàòèçàöèè çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ Ìèíçäðàâà Ðîññèè (Ïðèëîæåíèå 1).

Òàáëèöà 1

Ðàñ÷åò Ïðåäîòâðàòèìûõ ïîòåðü ëåò æèçíè (ÏÏËÆ) äî âîçðàñòà 70 ëåò â 2013 ã. äëÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (ÐÔ)

Standardized death rates 2013 Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå óðîâíè ñìåðòíîñòè 2013 ã. Direct standardization Ïðÿìàÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ
  Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ) Ñòàíäàðò íàñåëåíèÿ      
  ×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (OECD 1980) Ïîêàçàòåëü ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé â ñòàíäàðòíîì íàñåëåíèè ÏÏËÆ
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 18549 8793034 80269483 0.00211 169329 11429730
5-9 1878 7551502 84285393 0.00025 20961 1310070
10-14 1930 6755920 85828597 0.00029 24519 1409849
15-19 5479 7053780 87597591 0.00078 68041 3572160
20-24 15314 10409826 82619776 0.00147 121543 5773282
25-29 29730 12539043 77252661 0.00237 183166 7784539
30-34 44424 11503329 73604119 0.00386 284247 10659271
35-39 51039 10536321 61676142 0.00484 298765 9709877
40-44 53882 9656787 57394499 0.00558 320244 8806717
45-49 68120 9365912 54245506 0.00727 394538 8877095
50-54 111658 11310281 52537987 0.00987 518669 9076699
55-59 146852 10508048 48323994 0.01398 675337 8441714
60-64 177781 8819230 36727063 0.02016 740356 5552674
65-69 126245 4861125 36887734 0.02597 957986 2394966
Sum 852881 129664138 919250545 0.00706 4777702 94798643
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ. )     520 10313

Ðåçóëüòàòû

 òàáëèöå 2 ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðåäîòâðàòèìûå ïîòåðè ëåò æèçíè (ÏÃÏÆ) äëÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (ÐÔ). Äàííûå èñïîëüçîâàíû çäåñü äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ðàçðûâà äëÿ öåëåâûõ ãîäîâ 2020 è 2030 (ïîäðîáíåå ñìîòðèòå â Ïðèëîæåíèè 2).

Òàáëèöà 2

Ñâîäíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûõ ïî âîçðàñòó ÏÃÏÆ äëÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè íà îñíîâå ñòàíäàðòà íàñåëåíèÿ ÎÝÑÐ 1980 ã.

Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû ÏÃÏÆ 2003 ÏÃÏÆ 2009 ÏÃÏÆ 2013
       
0-4 18229269 12183235 11429730
5-9 2215671 1612951 1310070
10-14 2146975 1681090 1409849
15-19 5589625 4317138 3572160
20-24 9726159 6893909 5773282
25-29 12106799 9949936 7784539
30-34 13094532 11961014 10659271
35-39 12824630 9977662 9709877
40-44 14212643 10036011 8806717
45-49 15208226 10587880 8877095
50-54 16014381 11134913 9076699
55-59 13353138 10139068 8441714
60-64 8350403 6339159 5552674
65-69 3546838 2902400 2394966
       
Ñóììà ÏÃÏÆ 146619290 109716365 94798643
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïî âîçðàñòó íà 100 òûñ. 15950 11935 10313

 òàáëèöå 2 ìû âèäèì âïå÷àòëÿþùåå ñíèæåíèå ïðåäîòâðàòèìûõ ïîòåðÿííûõ ëåò æèçíè ñ 15950 â 2003 ã. äî 10313 â 2013, ÷òî, ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè òåìïîâ ïîçèòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé, äàñò ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ðàçðûâ â 2020 è 2030 ãã. è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðèâåäåò ê áîëåå ðàííåìó äîñòèæåíèþ öåëåâûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé è âûõîäó íà 4 ìåñòî ñðåäè ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ Ñåâåðíîãî èçìåðåíèÿ (òàá. 3).

Òàáëèöà 3

Àíàëèç ðàçðûâîâ â ñìåðòíîñòè â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è ñòðàíàõ-÷ëåíàõ Ñåâåðíîãî èçìåðåíèÿ
(EST (Ýñòîíèÿ), LAT (Ëàòâèÿ), FIN (Ôèíëÿíäèÿ), POL (Ïîëüøà), GER (Ãåðìàíèÿ), SWE (Øâåöèÿ), LIT (Ëèòâà), Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ

Ñòðàíû ïî ðàíãîâîìó ìåñòó â äîñòèæåíèè öåëåâûõ îðèåíòèðîâ 2009-2013 -2020 Èçìåíåíèå ðàíãîâîãî ìåñòà ñòðàíû 2009-2030 Áàçîâîå çíà÷åíèå 2009 All ÏÃÏÆ îò âñåõ ïðè÷èí ñìåðòè íà 100 òûñ. Ôàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå 2013 ÏÃÏÆ îò âñåõ ïðè÷èí ñìåðòè íà 100 òûñ. Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå2020 (-10% îò óðîâíÿ 2013) ÏÃÏÆ îò âñåõ ïðè÷èí ñìåðòè íà 100 òûñ. Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå 2030 (-33% îò óðîâíÿ 2013) ÏÃÏÆ îò âñåõ ïðè÷èí ñìåðòè íà 100 òûñ. Ïîêàçàòåëü ðàçðûâà 2020 ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê áàçîâîìó ãîäó 2009 Ïîêàçàòåëü ðàçðûâà 2030 ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê áàçîâîìó ãîäó 2009
               
1) EST EST→1 6247 4979 4481 3319 0.557 0.299
2) LAT LAT→2 8247 6837 6153 4558 0.487 0.237
3) FIN FIN→3 3741 3115 2803 2077 0.477 0.229
4) RF RF→4 11935 10313 9282 6875 0.390 0.160
5) POL POL→5 5649 4901 4411 3267 0.379 0.152
6) GER GER→7 3219 3008 2707 2005 0.076 -0.021
7) SWE SWE→8 2670 2511 2260 1674 0.039 -0.038
8) LIT LIT→6 8351 7369 6632 4913 0.033 0.118
               
LIT - SWE   5681 4858 4372 3239 0.420 0.181
               

Ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçðûâà äëÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê áàçîâîìó 2009 ãîäó ñîñòàâèëè - 0,39 ê öåëåâîìó 2020 ã. è 0,16 - ê 2030 ã., ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,7 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ êàæäîãî öåëåâîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ.

Åñëè 2003 ã. áûë ïðèíÿò çà áàçîâûé, òî àíàëèç ðàçðûâà ïîêàçûâàåò ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû:

ÏÃÏÆ 2003 / 100000 15950

ÏÃÏÆ 2013 / 100000 10313

Öåëåâîé ïîêàçàòåëü 2020 (-10%) = 9282

Öåëåâîé ïîêàçàòåëü 2030 (-33%) = 6875

Âåëè÷èíà ðàçðûâà 2020 = 0.62 (4.4 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

Âåëè÷èíà ðàçðûâà 2030 = 0.40 (6.8 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

 òàáëèöå 4 ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîìó ôåäåðàëüíîìó îêðóãó (ïîäðîáíåå ñìîòðèòå â Ïðèëîæåíèè 3). Ïðîãðåññ çà 2003-2009 ãã. áûë î÷åíü ìåäëåííûì, íî ñóùåñòâåííî óñêîðèëñÿ â 2009-2013 ãã.

Òàáëèöà 4

Ñâîäíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ÏÃÏÆ äëÿ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà íà îñíîâå ñòàíäàðòà íàñåëåíèÿ ÎÝÑÐ 1980 ã.

Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû ÏÃÏÆ 2003 ÏÃÏÆ 2009 ÏÃÏÆ 2013
       
0-4 15994997 9627834 8660105
5-9 2279635 2512981 1189746
10-14 2066224 2939012 1180353
15-19 5248957 5051446 2998759
20-24 9630348 7584853 4984555
25-29 13542067 12095659 6912712
30-34 15222446 16309283 10162831
35-39 15455366 16274079 9581213
40-44 17978711 17318045 8800723
45-49 18879238 16853065 9053049
50-54 19914378 18018859 9311518
55-59 15444599 17242066 8640291
60-64 9238993 12450710 5528433
65-69 3712069 6661087 2323054
       
Ñóììà ÏÃÏÆ 164608028 160938978 89399.156
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïî âîçðàñòó íà 100 òûñ. 17907 17508 9725

Äàííûå î íàñåëåíèè è ñìåðòíîñòè â òàáëèöå 4 ïî Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîìó ôåäåðàëüíîìó îêðóãó ïîçâîëÿþò íà îñíîâàíèè ðàñ÷åòîâ ÏÃÏÆ ïðåäïîëîæèòü äîñòèæåíèå öåëåâûõ çíà÷åíèé ê 2020 è 2030 (ñíèæåíèå ÏÃÏÆ, âîçðàñòà 0-69 ëåò, ïðÿìàÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ ïî âîçðàñòó, ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ áàçà 2003, 2009 è 2013 ãã.)

Áàçîâîå çíà÷åíèå 2009 (ÏÃÏÆ ÑÇÔÎ) 17508

Ôàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå 2013 (ÏÃÏÆ ÑÇÔÎ) 9725

Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå 2020 (-10% of 2013) 8753

Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå 2030 (-33% of 2013) 6483

Ðàçðûâ 2020 0.69 ( 4.8 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

Ðàçðûâ 2030 0.64 (10.8 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

Åñëè 2003 ã. ïðèíÿò çà áàçîâûé, òî àíàëèç ðàçðûâîâ äàåò ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû:

ÏÏËÆ 2003 / 100000 17907

ÏÏËÆ 2013 / 100000 9725

Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå 2020 (-10%) = 8753

Öåëåâîå çíà÷åíèå 2030 (-33%) = 6483

Ðàçðûâ 2020 = 0.31 (2,2 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

Ðàçðûâ 2030 = 0.55 (9,3 ãîäà îïåðåæåíèÿ)

Îáñóæäåíèå

Ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê áàçîâîìó 2009 ãîäó – ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó íà÷àëó ïåðèîäà 2009-2020 è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 2009-2030 – Ñåâåðíîå Èçìåðåíèå è âñå åãî ñòðàíû-÷ëåíû, âêëþ÷àÿ ÐÔ è ÑÇÔÎ, íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ïóòè ê äîñòèæåíèþ öåëåâûõ çíà÷åíèé â ñðîê (Øâåöèÿ è Ãåðìàíèÿ íåìíîãî îòñòàþò ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê öåëÿì ÖÓÐ). Ýòî ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü óñïåõîì, â êîòîðûé âíåñëî ñâîé âêëàä Ñåâåðíîå Èçìåðåíèå â îáëàñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ. Îäíàêî äëÿ âñåõ ñòðàí ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ðàçðûâ (óêàçûâàþùèé íà îïåðåæàþùåå äîñòèæåíèå öåëåâûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé) ìåíüøå äëÿ öåëåé ÖÓÐ ê 2030 ã., ÷åì ê 2020 ã. Ýòî ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü î çàìåäëåíèè äèíàìèêè ñíèæåíèÿ ñìåðòíîñòè. Àíàëèç ïîäòâåðæäàåò ýòî, åñëè èñïîëüçîâàòü ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ïåðèîäû 2003-2020 è 2003-2030.

 òå÷åíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ïåðèîäà Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ çàíèìàåò ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ïîçèöèè ñðåäè ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ Ñåâåðíîãî Èçìåðåíèÿ â îáëàñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî çäîðîâüÿ è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì, ïðåäñòàâëåííûì â òàáëèöå 3, òîãäà êàê ÑÇÔÎ ìîæåò äàæå çàíÿòü ëèäèðóþùóþ ïîçèöèþ ñî ñâîèìè áîëåå ÷åì 12 ìèëëèîíàìè íàñåëåíèÿ, ñîñåäñòâóþùèìè ñ Ýñòîíèåé.

Ðèñ. 3
Ðèñ 3. Äîëÿ (%) ñìåðòåé ïî âîçðàñòíûì ãðóïïàì â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â 2003, 2009 è 2013 ãã.

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ:

Ïðÿìîå ïðîåöèðîâàíèå ïðîøëîãî ïðîãðåññà íà áóäóùåå ìîæåò áûòü ìîäèôèöèðîâàíî ðåàëèÿìè èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ñ íåïðîãíîçèðóåìûìè âìåøàòåëüñòâàìè êàê ïîçèòèâíîé, òàê è íåãàòèâíîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè. Îäíàêî, áîëåå ðàííåå äîñòèæåíèå öåëåâûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìîæåò ñòèìóëèðîâàòü ê ïðîäîëæåíèþ ïðîäâèæåíèÿ ïî ïóòè óñïåõà, òîãäà êàê îòñòàâàíèå äîëæíî ñòèìóëèðîâàòü íà íîâûå óñèëèÿ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ öåëåé 2020 ã., òî áîëüøèíñòâî ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ Ñåâåðíîãî Èçìåðåíèÿ óæå èõ äîñòèãëè îäèí-äâà ãîäà íàçàä, êàê è Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì íàäî ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî â äàííîé ñòàòüå ìû ïðèìåíèëè öåëåâîå ñíèæåíèå ÖÓÐ-3 íà îäíó òðåòü ïî íåèíôåêöèîííûì çàáîëåâàíèÿì ê ïîêàçàòåëÿì ÏÃÏÆ, êîòîðûå íå â ïîëíîé ìåðå èñ÷åðïûâàþòñÿ íåèíôåêöèîííûìè áîëåçíÿìè (ñì. îïèñàíèå ðàçäåëà «Ìåòîäû»).

Äåÿòåëüíîñòü Ðîññèéñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå áûëà îòìå÷åíà ñóùåñòâåííûìè èíâåñòèöèÿìè â çäðàâîîõðàíåíèå (îêîëî 10 ìèëëèàðäîâ äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ â ãîä) ñ ôîêóñîì íà ðåêîíñòðóêöèþ ñòàðûõ ëå÷åáíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé, âêëþ÷àÿ ïðèîáðåòåíèå ñîâðåìåííîãî ìåäèöèíñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ äëÿ äèàãíîñòèêè è ëå÷åíèÿ. Ìîäåëü ïðåäîòâðàòèìîé ñìåðòíîñòè áûëà èñïîëüçîâàíà äëÿ àíàëèçà ïðè÷èí ñìåðòè, âûçâàííûõ íåäîñòàòêàìè äèàãíîñòèêè è ëå÷åíèÿ (ôàêòîð çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ), è ïðè÷èíàìè, ñâÿçàííûìè ñ ïîâåäåí÷åñêèìè ðèñêàìè (ôàêòîð îáðàçà æèçíè) [13]. Ñðàâíåíèå ðåãèîíîâ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäà Ðîññèè è ñîñåäíèõ Åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí ïîäòâåðäèëî, ÷òî áîëåå âûñîêèå óðîâíè ñìåðòíîñòè óêàçûâàþò íà áîëüøîé âêëàä ïðåäîòâðàòèìûõ ïðè÷èí, èõ äîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 50% íà Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäå Ðîññèè, âàðüèðóÿ îò 45% â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå äî 67% â Ïñêîâå è Íîâãîðîäå. Çäðàâîîõðàíåíèå âíîñèò âåñîìûé âêëàä â ñíèæåíèå ñìåðòíîñòè, îäíàêî íå èãðàåò âåäóùåé ðîëè.

Íà äàííûé ìîìåíò â àíàëèç ìû ìîæåì âêëþ÷èòü òîëüêî îäèí ôåäåðàëüíûé îêðóã, íî áûëî áû î÷åíü èíòåðåñíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü âñå ôåäåðàëüíûå îêðóãà íà îãðîìíîé òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ïîñêîëüêó Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ ãðàíè÷èò ñ áëèæíèì è Äàëüíèì Âîñòîêîì, ýòî ìîæåò ñïðîâîöèðîâàòü èçìåíåíèå äèíàìèêè â áîëåå ãëîáàëüíîé, à íå íàöèîíàëüíîé ïåðñïåêòèâå [14], îñîáåííî åñëè ñîâìåñòèòü ýòî ñ áîëåå òî÷íûì ðàçäåëåíèåì íà ïîäãðóïïû ïî ïîëó è ãðóïïàì áîëåçíåé.

Î÷åíü õîðîøåå ðàíãîâîå ìåñòî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è åå ÑÇÔÎ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà ñòèìóëèðóþùèì, õîòÿ áóäåò òðóäíî ñîõðàíèòü äèíàìèêó óëó÷øåíèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ñòàðò áûë ñ î÷åíü âûñîêèõ óðîâíåé ïðåäîòâðàòèìîé ñìåðòíîñòè â 2009 è åùå áîëåå õóäøèõ â 2003. Íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü íàöèîíàëüíóþ ñòðàòåãèþ. Òàêæå òåõíè÷åñêàÿ êîîïåðàöèÿ â ýòîé îáëàñòè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò âçàèìíûé èíòåðåñ äëÿ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà [15].

References

  1. The European External Action Service (EEAS). The Northern Dimension. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/northern-dimension/347/northern-dimension_en
  2. Chernyavskiy V, Mikhailova J. Russia: A key partner in the Northern Dimension Partnership. SEEJPH 2019, Vol. 12. DOI 10.4119/UNIBI/SEEJPH-2019-218
  3. The Northern Dimension Partnership on Health and Social Well-being (NDPHS). Available at: http://www.ndphs.org/?about_ndphs#Background_About_NDPHS
  4. United Nations: United Nations: The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/
  5. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EU-SBSR). Available at: http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/swd/2017/swd-2017-0118-en.pdf
  6. Vienonen MA, Jousilahti PJ, Makiewicz K et al. Preventable premature death (PYLL) in Northern Dimension partnership countries 2003—13. European Journal of Public Health, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky278
  7. Haenszel W. A Standardized Rate for Mortality Defined in Units of Lost Years of Life. American Journal of Public Health (1950) (40):17–26.
  8. OECD. Total Population. Last updated 26-Jan-2016 3:42:32 PM (2016) [cited 2019 Aug 02]. Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POP_FIVE_HIST
  9. Armitage P. Statistical methods in medical research. Oxford u.a.: Blackwell (1971). XV, 504 S.
  10. UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. National Millennium Development Goals: A framework for action. Appendix 2 and Appendix 3. New York: UNDP office 2006. Page 107-11.
  11. Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Broniatowski R, Byepu S, Laaser U. A Gap Analysis of Mother, New-born, and Child Health in West Africa with Reference to the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. African Journal of Reproductive Health AJRH 2018: 22/4. DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i4.13
  12. Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Salem ZA, Wenzel H, Broniatowski R, Nelson C, Vukovic D, Laaser U Laaser U. A gap analysis of SDG 3 and MDG 4/5 mortality health targets in the six Arabic countries of North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. Libyan Journal of Medicine 2019: 14/1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19932820.2019.1607698
  13. Ivanova A., Zemlyanova E., Zubko A. North-Western Russia and the neighbouring European countries: Comparison of mortality indicators and the role of healthcare. Poster presentations at the 21st Nordic Demographic Symposium 2019, Reykjavik, Iceland. Available at: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/2c181d_aea08b56e9824985b872a1bfd94ce6a4.pdf
  14. Laaser U, Dorey S and Nurse J (2016). A plea for Global Health Action bottom-up. Front. Public Health 4:241. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00241. Available at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00241/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Public_Health&id=209500
  15. European External Activity Service (EEAS). European Union and Russian Federation. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/35939/european-union-and-russian-federation_en

Ïðèëîæåíèå 1: Äàííûå î íàñåëåíèè è ñìåðòíîñòè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â 2003, 2009 è 2013 ãã.

Ïðèëîæåíèå 1a: Íàñåëåíèå è ñìåðòíîñòü â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè 2003
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû Âñå íàñåëåíèå Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû Îáùåå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû
00-04 6565695 3364592 3201103 22090 12754 9336
05-09 6818772 3486662 3332110 2868 1791 1077
10-14 9760069 4985362 4774707 4246 2778 1468
15-19 12669554 6432752 6236802 15399 11128 4271
20-24 11713409 5913034 5800375 29030 23001 6029
25-29 10717142 5360243 5356899 39519 31466 8053
30-34 9963892 4973305 4990587 47270 37095 10175
35-39 9888714 4863197 5025517 63268 49281 13987
40-44 12324267 5972742 6351525 110977 85938 25039
45-49 11777383 5564681 6212702 146751 111219 35532
50-54 10316215 4737479 5578736 179688 131720 47968
55-59 5976065 2638995 3337070 132107 91857 40250
60-64 7045054 2854945 4190109 213572 141469 72103
65-69 6718590 2573559 4145031 258403 155124 103279
00-69 132254821 63721548 68533273 1265188 886621 378567
Ïðèëîæåíèå 1b: Íàñåëåíèå è ñìåðòíîñòü â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè 2009
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû Âñå íàñåëåíèå Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû Îáùåå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû
00-04 7793807 3994295 3799512 17525 10064 7461
05-09 6887915 3530220 3357695 2109 1273 836
10-14 6784360 3470481 3313879 2311 1416 895
15-19 9274152 4699081 4575071 8706 6073 2633
20-24 12354120 6242785 6111335 21702 16795 4907
25-29 11788055 5916062 5871993 35724 27844 7880
30-34 10751459 5306042 5445417 46591 36183 10408
35-39 9997601 4903848 5093753 49765 37620 12145
40-44 9307938 4493889 4814049 59185 44056 15129
45-49 11415509 5393625 6021884 99028 73183 25845
50-54 11292748 5136151 6156597 136765 98957 37808
55-59 9821361 4274188 5547173 164853 113724 51129
60-64 6497033 2694911 3802122 149520 100238 49282
65-69 5059895 1869565 3190330 159249 94717 64532
00-69 129025953 61925143 67100810 953033 662143 290890
Ïðèëîæåíèå 1c: Íàñåëåíèå è ñìåðòíîñòü â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè 2013
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû Âñå íàñåëåíèå Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû Îáùåå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé Ìóæ÷èíû Æåíùèíû
00-04 8793034 4513291 4279743 18549 10567 7982
05-09 7551502 3865465 3686037 1878 1120 758
10-14 6755920 3462420 3293500 1930 1234 696
15-19 7053780 3608295 3445485 5479 3930 1549
20-24 10409826 5300627 5109199 15314 12034 3280
25-29 12539043 6323822 6215221 29730 22980 6750
30-34 11503329 5734090 5769239 44424 33885 10539
35-39 10536321 5145842 5390479 51039 38699 12340
40-44 9656787 4689062 4967725 53882 39702 14180
45-49 9365912 4444475 4921437 68120 49808 18312
50-54 11310281 5204736 6105545 111658 80673 30985
55-59 10508048 4587151 5920897 146852 101408 45444
60-64 8819230 3635352 5183878 177781 118451 59330
65-69 4861125 1877877 2983248 126245 76787 49458
00-69 129664138 62392505 67271633 852881 591278 261603

Ïðèëîæåíèå 2

Ïîëíûé àíàëèç ðàçðûâîâ íà îñíîâå äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â 2003, 2009 è 2013 ãã.

Ïðèëîæåíèå 2a : Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè 2003, ïðÿìàÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ
Âîçð. ãðóïïû Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå) ÏÃÏÆ
di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 22090 6565695 80269483 0,00336 270063 18229269
5-9 2868 6818772 84285393 0,00042 35451 2215671
10-14 4246 9760069 85828597 0,00044 37339 2146975
15-19 15399 12669554 87597591 0,00122 106469 5589625
20-24 29030 11713409 82619776 0,00248 204761 9726159
25-29 39519 10717142 77252661 0,00369 284866 12106799
30-34 47270 9963892 73604119 0,00474 349188 13094532
35-39 63268 9888714 61676142 0,00640 394604 12824630
40-44 110977 12324267 57394499 0,00900 516823 14212643
45-49 146751 11777383 54245506 0,01246 675921 15208226
50-54 179688 10316215 52537987 0,01742 915108 16014381
55-59 132107 5976065 48323994 0,02211 1068251 13353138
60-64 213572 7045054 36727063 0,03032 1113387 8350403
65-69 258403 6718590 36887734 0,03846 1418735 3546838
Ñóììà 1265188 132254821 919250545 0,01089 7390966 146619290
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 000)     804 15950
Ïðèëîæåíèå 2b: Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ñìåðòíîñòè 2009, ïðÿìàÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ
Âîçð. ãðóïïû Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå) ÏÃÏÆ
di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 17525 7793807 80269483 0,00225 180492 12183235
5-9 2109 6887915 84285393 0,00031 25807 1612951
10-14 2311 6784360 85828597 0,00034 29236 1681090
15-19 8706 9274152 87597591 0,00094 82231 4317138
20-24 21702 12354120 82619776 0,00176 145135 6893909
25-29 35724 11788055 77252661 0,00303 234116 9949936
30-34 46591 10751459 73604119 0,00433 318960 11961014
35-39 49765 9997601 61676142 0,00498 307005 9977662
40-44 59185 9307938 57394499 0,00636 364946 10036011
45-49 99028 11415509 54245506 0,00867 470572 10587880
50-54 136765 11292748 52537987 0,01211 636281 11134913
55-59 164853 9821361 48323994 0,01679 811125 10139068
60-64 149520 6497033 36727063 0,02301 845221 6339159
65-69 159249 5059895 36887734 0,03147 1160960 2902400
Sum 953033 129025953 919250545 0,00831 5612089 109716365
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ.)     611 11935
Ïðèëîæåíèå 2c: Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ñìåðòíîñòè 2013, ïðÿìàÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå) ÏÃÏÆ
di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 18549 8793034 80269483 0,00211 169329 11429730
5-9 1878 7551502 84285393 0,00025 20961 1310070
10-14 1930 6755920 85828597 0,00029 24519 1409849
15-19 5479 7053780 87597591 0,00078 68041 3572160
20-24 15314 10409826 82619776 0,00147 121543 5773282
25-29 29730 12539043 77252661 0,00237 183166 7784539
30-34 44424 11503329 73604119 0,00386 284247 10659271
35-39 51039 10536321 61676142 0,00484 298765 9709877
40-44 53882 9656787 57394499 0,00558 320244 8806717
45-49 68120 9365912 54245506 0,00727 394538 8877095
50-54 111658 11310281 52537987 0,00987 518669 9076699
55-59 146852 10508048 48323994 0,01398 675337 8441714
60-64 177781 8819230 36727063 0,02016 740356 5552674
65-69 126245 4861125 36887734 0,02597 957986 2394966
Sum 852881 129664138 919250545 0,00706 4777702 94798643
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ.)     520 10313

Ïðèëîæåíèå 3: Äàííûå î íàñåëåíèè è ñìåðòíîñòè è ðåçóëüòèðóþùèå ÏÃÏÆ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà (ÑÇÔÎ) Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â 2003, 2009 è 2013.

2003 Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (ÑÇÔÎ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
Ïðèëîæåíèå 3a ×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå ÏÃÏÆ
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 1666 564500 80269483 0,00295 236963 15994997
5-9 244 564321 84285393 0,00043 36474 2279635
10-14 357 852259 85828597 0,00042 35934 2066224
15-19 1362 1193690 87597591 0,00114 99980 5248957
20-24 2787 1135751 82619776 0,00245 202744 9630348
25-29 4238 1027373 77252661 0,00412 318637 13542067
30-34 5264 954497 73604119 0,00552 405932 15222446
35-39 7347 952804 61676142 0,00771 475550 15455366
40-44 13686 1201468 57394499 0,01139 653771 17978711
45-49 18436 1191875 54245506 0,01547 839077 18879238
50-54 23048 1064075 52537987 0,02166 1137964 19914378
55-59 16456 643591 48323994 0,02557 1235568 15444599
60-64 21782 649414 36727063 0,03354 1231866 9238993
65-69 26624 661425 36887734 0,04025 1484828 3712069
Sum 143296 12657040 919250545 0,01233 8395289 164608028.34
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ.)     913.28 17906.76
2009 Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (ÑÇÔÎ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
Ïðèëîæåíèå 3b ×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå ÏÃÏÆ
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû di pi STD Pi ri = di/pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 1178 662703 80269483 0,00178 142635 9627834
5-9 281 590035 84285393 0,00048 40208 2512981
10-14 335 561830 85828597 0,00060 51113 2939012
15-19 880 801242 87597591 0,00110 96218 5051446
20-24 2238 1157868 82619776 0,00193 159681 7584853
25-29 4207 1141931 77252661 0,00368 284604 12095659
30-34 6185 1046782 73604119 0,00591 434914 16309283
35-39 7872 969565 61676142 0,00812 500741 16274079
40-44 9872 899724 57394499 0,01097 629747 17318045
45-49 15352 1111823 54245506 0,01381 749025 16853065
50-54 22146 1129981 52537987 0,01960 1029649 18018859
55-59 28516 999024 48323994 0,02854 1379365 17242066
60-64 31156 689278 36727063 0,04520 1660095 12450710
65-69 33458 463209 36887734 0,07223 2664435 6661087
Sum 163675 12224992 919250545 0,01528 9822430 160938978.09
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ.)     1068.53 17507.63
2013 Èññëåäóåìîå íàñåëåíèå (ÑÇÔÎ) Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå      
Ïðèëîæåíèå 3ñ ×èñëî ñìåðòåé ×èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ (ÎÝÑÐ 1980) Êîýôôèöèåíòû ñìåðòíîñòè Îæèäàåìîå ÷èñëî ñìåðòåé (Ñòàíäàðòíîå íàñåëåíèå ÏÃÏÆ
Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû di pi STD Pi ri = di / pi Di = ri * STD Pi Di * (Íåäîæèòîå ÷èñëî ëåò äî âåðõíåé âîçðàñòíîé ãðàíèöû)
0-4 1220 757156 80269483 0.00161 129362 8731919
5-9 145 642852 84285393 0.00023 19036 1189746
10-14 137 573546 85828597 0.00024 20528 1180353
15-19 394 603558 87597591 0.00065 57119 2998759
20-24 1252 985677 82619776 0.00127 104938 4984555
25-29 2587 1228690 77252661 0.00211 162652 6912712
30-34 4193 1138908 73604119 0.00368 271009 10162831
35-39 4956 1036737 61676142 0.00478 294807 9581213
40-44 5259 943130 57394499 0.00558 320026 8800723
45-49 6779 913922 54245506 0.00742 402358 9053049
50-54 11182 1104138 52537987 0.01013 532087 9311518
55-59 15070 1053570 48323994 0.01430 691223 8640291
60-64 17942 893981 36727063 0.02007 737124 5528433
65-69 13078 519162 36887734 0.02519 929222 2323054
Sum 84195 12395023 919250545 0.00695 4671490 89399155.82
Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü (íà 100 òûñ.)     508.18 9725.22

Äàòà ïîñòóïëåíèÿ: 25.10.2019


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